Geoscience is a broad discipline and the term geoscientist refers to anyone whose work focuses on the earth's systems. Geoscientists are often involved in the discovery and development of commercially viable and exploitable reserves of natural resources, such as oil, gas, minerals and water. Others work in areas such as seismology, volcanology, environmental protection, land reclamation or oceanography. Whichever area you're working in, you'll be studying the physical structure of the earth - how it was formed, the processes involved, and how it's changing. Job titles within geoscience vary depending on the specialist area of work and include: geophysicist geologist geochemist hydrogeologist mining engineer sedimentologist.

Responsibilities: Tasks vary depending on the area of geoscience you're working in, but you'll typically need to: collect geophysical, geochemical and geological information in the field from seismic and well data and other sources. Monitor the acquisition of data to ensure consistent quality. Interpret the data using sophisticated technical software to determine subsurface geology and the economic importance of natural resources. Develop geological models of the earth's subsurface to understand the geological structure, rock characteristics and the likely distribution of oil/gas/mineral-bearing strata. Assess the potential quality of mineral and hydrocarbon resources collaborate with drilling engineers to determine drilling locations on the basis of the interpretation of the data and models developed. Produce and present geological maps and reports to colleagues and clients. Perform detailed geological risk analysis of proposed exploration targets plan and undertake an exploration drilling programme, after collecting and modelling all available data. Plan the location and trajectory of development wells work in multidisciplinary teams to create well proposals create new opportunities to access remaining reserves. Implement new technologies in geological modelling and seismic processing. Advise engineers and senior management on geological factors affecting exploration. Use satellite imagery, gravity and magnetic surveys for evaluation purposes - this may be part of your role if you're working in exploration. Make assessments through study of well core and well fluid samples - in some roles.
Starting salaries are in the region of £28,000 to £35,000. Typical salaries at senior level range from £40,000 to £75,000 per year. Salaries at the highest level can reach well in excess of this. Salaries can vary considerably between industries, with higher salaries in the oil and gas sector, for example. Other factors affecting salary levels include the type of work you're involved in and your employer, location, experience and qualifications. Benefits such as a pension, private healthcare and life insurance are often provided. Bonus schemes tend to be performance-related. An allowance may be made for offshore or overseas work.

Income data from myOilandGasCareer.com. Figures are intended as a guide only.

Working hours vary depending on the sector and employer.

Some geoscientists are based in offices or laboratories and have regular working hours. Other work requires unsocial, irregular or long hours. For example, geoscientists involved in exploration can expect time abroad or at sea followed by a similar length of time on leave, and then the same length of time based in the office. What to expect Physical conditions may sometimes be tough and demanding. Self-employment and freelance work is possible. With experience, you may be able to establish your own consultancy in a particular field such as base metal exploration or sedimentology. The availability of jobs depends on your area of specialism. In the UK for example, jobs in exploration and interpretation are mainly based in South East England and Aberdeen. Positions are available worldwide in oil and mineral exploration and there are small specialist consultancies across the UK. Minerals exploration is almost exclusively overseas. Working as a geoscientist can involve lots of travel abroad or at sea depending on your area of specialism. Qualifications Relevant degree subjects include physical, mathematical and applied sciences. The following degree subjects may increase your chances of entry: earth sciences geochemistry geology geophysics/geotechnology geoscience mathematics physics. Jobs available on graduation include: monitoring drilling activity well logging site investigation some posts with the Environment Agency quarrying and aggregates. Although it's possible to enter a career in geosciences straight after your degree, many graduates go on to further study in order to learn specialist skills before applying for jobs. A postgraduate qualification, such as a Masters degree in geophysics or geoscience, or a PhD in a relevant area of geosciences (such as geophysics, petroleum geology, hydrogeology or sedimentology), may improve your employment prospects and long-term career development. This may, in turn, lead to a higher salary. Further study can also provide opportunities to make contacts through projects within industry or attendance at conferences. Search postgraduate courses in geoscience. In some companies, it's possible to start as a technical assistant and progress through to a full geoscientist role. Skills You'll need to have: strong IT, numerical and computational skills, to handle large data sets excellent communication and interpersonal skills flexibility and the ability to work as part of a multidisciplinary team the ability to express ideas and findings clearly, both orally and in writing, to produce reports and make presentations observational skills the ability to learn quickly, work to deadlines and under pressure analytical and problem-solving skills good project-management skills attention to detail and the ability to record information accurately a commitment to continual learning. Work experience Practical work experience through summer work, internships or work shadowing is extremely valuable. Many of the large multinational companies offer paid internships and summer vacation work on projects of operational significance. Opportunities are more likely to be available in industry, for example with engineering, petroleum, or environmental or water companies. Employers are interested in experience gained through project work, fieldwork or research trips. As well as providing valuable hands-on experience, these give an insight into work in the industry. Try to get relevant work experience, for example with a seismic contractor or as a technical assistant with an oil company. Large energy companies such as BP and Shell offer geoscience summer internships. Closing dates for placements may be before Christmas. Vacancies are usually advertised through careers services and on companies' own websites. Employers Geoscientists often find work in the oil and gas industry. Principal employers include: international oil companies specialist geophysical companies petroleum exploration companies mining companies contractors consultants the water industry software companies. Exploration and extraction is a worldwide business and many jobs are based overseas. The largest employers of geoscientists in the UK are the: British Geological Survey (BGS) Environment Agency (EA) Environmental issues are of growing importance and current areas of growth include hydrogeology, waste disposal, pollution control and land quality/remediation. Opportunities in these areas may be available with private sector companies, consultancies and government bodies. Look for job vacancies at: Earthworks Jobs Geoscience Jobs - jobs website of The Geological Society Oil and Gas Job Search Oil and Gas People Rigzone It's worth making targeted speculative applications - you can find details of companies to apply to in The Geologist's Directory Online. The Geological Society runs Careers & Industry Days which cover the full range of geoscience careers and are usually attended by a number of key industry employers. It's also useful to attend geological meetings and lectures (for example those held by the Geologists' Association), and involve yourself in local clubs and geo-conservation activities. Professional development Some of the major oil and gas companies, and engineering and environmental consultancies, offer structured training programmes. Training is delivered through a series of projects or assignments, alongside modules aimed at giving an overview of the business and developing expertise in general and specialist areas. With smaller companies you're likely to receive on-the-job training, which includes induction and safety and survival training. If you wish to apply for a research post in industry, university or a museum, you'll usually need a PhD or DPhil (Doctorate) research degree. For those with a geology degree, membership of The Geological Society can be useful for networking and for keeping up to date with the industry. There are membership bodies for most geoscience disciplines and many employers will encourage you to become chartered with a body relevant to your area of expertise. Continuing professional development (CPD) is vital throughout your career in order to develop your expertise and to keep up with technical advancements and new and developing areas of work. Career prospects Career progression may be to a senior role within your chosen area of work, then team leader and then into a senior role in management. It's also possible to move into a specialist technical role. With experience, it's usually possible to move into consultancy work. You'll need to show that you regularly undertake a range of CPD activities. Many geoscientists choose to become chartered with a relevant professional body, such as The Geological Society. Your career prospects may be improved if you can be flexible about relocating, as many larger companies offer opportunities to take overseas assignments at an early stage in your career. Other options for career progression include specialising in an area such as environmental policy development or hazard prediction, or moving into a related area of geoscience (for example, from geophysics into seismology or engineering geology). You could also carry out research in an academic or industry setting.